: Those who commit violent acts or harbor malice.

कितवान् कुशीलवान् क्रूरान् पाषण्डस्थांश्च मानवान् ।विकर्मस्थान् शौण्डिकांश्च क्षिप्रं निर्वासयेत् पुरात् ॥ २२५ ॥

The Manusmriti is an ancient legal text of Hinduism, composed roughly between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE. It outlines the dharma (duties, rights, laws, conduct) for individuals in various stages of life ( ashramas ) and social classes ( varnas ). primarily deals with topics related to family, inheritance, property rights, and the duties of a husband and wife, particularly in times of distress or when a husband is absent or dead.

"Gamblers, dancers, cruel men, men belonging to heretical sects, men addicted to evil deeds, dealers in wine,—these the King shall instantly banish from his town."

Concerns legal penalties for defamation, specifically regarding the false accusation of a maiden's loss of virginity. Modern Significance and Critique Full 9th Chapter of Manusmriti

Literal sense: Even if conduct (śīla) has been performed, one should know it as one's own; likewise what is gift (dāna) and what is sacrifice (yajña) — that is what is called dharma.

In a strict penal system, the natural response to the "rebellious" is exile or punishment. However, Manusmriti 9.225 commands the ruler/society to gopayet (protect/cover) them. This introduces the concept of . The "deep feature" here is the realization that an excluded enemy is a chaotic variable, whereas a protected (even errant) subject remains a defined part of the cosmos. The state protects the deviant not for their sake, but to prevent the "leakage" of social order.

took a slightly different approach, suggesting that some of these activities (like gambling) should be centralized and taxed rather than outright banned—showing a historical debate between strict moral law and pragmatic governance. Modern Reflection