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The earliest recorded application of industrial microbiology dates back to ancient Egypt, where fermentation was used to produce beer and bread. However, it wasn't until the late 19th century that microbiology began to be applied on a larger scale. The discovery of microorganisms by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch led to the development of microbiological techniques, including sterilization and inoculation. The early 20th century saw the rise of industrial microbiology, with the establishment of companies like Pfizer and Merck, which began to exploit microorganisms for the production of antibiotics and other products.